从霍英东家族争产案看遗产继承/周芳洁
作者:法律资料网 时间:2024-07-12 06:37:12 浏览:8655
来源:法律资料网
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6月29日，由霍震寰等控制的香港贷款财务有限公司向香港高等法院提起诉讼，称霍英东生前曾向该公司借钱，现要求霍英东的遗嘱执行人从遗产中拨出一笔资金，以偿还该财务公司本金连利息10.68亿港元。此事不但将霍家争产案再次推向舆论的风口浪尖而且也为如何防范遗产继承纠纷提出了思考。
近年来在中国大陆，由于空巢老人的大量存在，保姆和部分子女侵占遗产的案件层出不穷，家庭成员之间争夺财产案屡见不鲜,富人的财产纠纷已不是什么新鲜事,有的案件甚至演变为刑事案件，这些案件无一例外都发生了遗产被转移、侵占和侵吞的纠纷。那么，如何有效地防范遗产纠纷案呢？
笔者认为，要预防遗产继承纠纷，需要从树立遗嘱意识、完善相关法律法规等多方面努力。
对于普通老百姓来说，应该从以下几个方面加以重视：一是要有遗嘱意识。遗嘱的作用是可以明确遗产的范围，防止存款现金和贵重物品等易转移遗产丢失、被隐藏和转移，通过遗嘱对遗产进行分配，明确其归属，也可以防止继承人之间的争斗。二是要有专业遗嘱意识。根据有关数据的统计，60%的立的遗嘱无效，所以由专业人士协助制订遗嘱十分必要。此外，通过专业人士对遗嘱保密、遗嘱保管、遗嘱宣布等环节的设计，还可以防止子女因不满分配方案而与长辈发生纠纷。三是要注意遗嘱执行。选择遗嘱执行人既可以保障遗嘱的实施，也可以居中协调，防止继承人之间因为情绪和过节发生纠纷，还可以按照遗嘱的授权直接对侵占遗产的人提起诉讼，实现保护遗产的目的。但是在选择遗嘱执行人最好选择继承人以外的人，这样可以避免因执行人的道德问题而引发继承人之间的争产纠纷。遗嘱执行人和继承人身份分离，可使执行人对遗产的权利仅限于领取报酬，而不参与将来的遗产分配，如此更有利于保护遗产安全和继承人的合法权益不受侵害。
对于高资产人士来说，在规划遗产传承时尤其应当注意以下几个问题：第一要明确遗产范围。由于高资产人士的资产变动较大，明确列明遗产范围有一定的难度，这个问题可以通过兜底条款予以解决，并指定遗嘱执行人在继承人的监督下按程序处理。第二要依靠专业机构。由于专业机构受继承人的监督，执行过程更加严谨，也可以防止纠纷。第三可以考虑设立遗产信托。遗产信托的优势很多，如科学传承财富、保障继承人生活、避免继承人内斗、避免未来债务、隐藏财富等等。
为防范遗产侵占案件发生，政府和法律层面也可以从以下几个方面的努力,防止遗产纠纷：
第一进行遗嘱自愿登记。遗嘱登记的作用是防止当事人对遗嘱人的精神和身体状态、遗嘱是否为本人签署，遗嘱是否真实等问题发生纠纷，也可以防止遗嘱被篡改和隐藏，具有重要的现实意义。
第二试行间接继承制度。香港和英国等地实行的间接继承制度，是对达到一定金额的遗产进行登记，予以征税后，由政府机构进行分配，这样既保障了遗产税的征收，也避免了继承人的纠纷。
第三加大对遗产侵占的处罚力度。近年来，恶意侵占遗产导致的纠纷有上升的趋势，不但侵害了当事人的合法权益，而且损害了社会公序良俗，加强公民私有财产保护，加大对遗产侵占的处罚力度十分必要。
近年来在中国大陆，由于空巢老人的大量存在，保姆和部分子女侵占遗产的案件层出不穷，家庭成员之间争夺财产案屡见不鲜,富人的财产纠纷已不是什么新鲜事,有的案件甚至演变为刑事案件，这些案件无一例外都发生了遗产被转移、侵占和侵吞的纠纷。那么，如何有效地防范遗产纠纷案呢？
笔者认为，要预防遗产继承纠纷，需要从树立遗嘱意识、完善相关法律法规等多方面努力。
对于普通老百姓来说，应该从以下几个方面加以重视：一是要有遗嘱意识。遗嘱的作用是可以明确遗产的范围，防止存款现金和贵重物品等易转移遗产丢失、被隐藏和转移，通过遗嘱对遗产进行分配，明确其归属，也可以防止继承人之间的争斗。二是要有专业遗嘱意识。根据有关数据的统计，60%的立的遗嘱无效，所以由专业人士协助制订遗嘱十分必要。此外，通过专业人士对遗嘱保密、遗嘱保管、遗嘱宣布等环节的设计，还可以防止子女因不满分配方案而与长辈发生纠纷。三是要注意遗嘱执行。选择遗嘱执行人既可以保障遗嘱的实施，也可以居中协调，防止继承人之间因为情绪和过节发生纠纷，还可以按照遗嘱的授权直接对侵占遗产的人提起诉讼，实现保护遗产的目的。但是在选择遗嘱执行人最好选择继承人以外的人，这样可以避免因执行人的道德问题而引发继承人之间的争产纠纷。遗嘱执行人和继承人身份分离，可使执行人对遗产的权利仅限于领取报酬，而不参与将来的遗产分配，如此更有利于保护遗产安全和继承人的合法权益不受侵害。
对于高资产人士来说，在规划遗产传承时尤其应当注意以下几个问题：第一要明确遗产范围。由于高资产人士的资产变动较大，明确列明遗产范围有一定的难度，这个问题可以通过兜底条款予以解决，并指定遗嘱执行人在继承人的监督下按程序处理。第二要依靠专业机构。由于专业机构受继承人的监督，执行过程更加严谨，也可以防止纠纷。第三可以考虑设立遗产信托。遗产信托的优势很多，如科学传承财富、保障继承人生活、避免继承人内斗、避免未来债务、隐藏财富等等。
为防范遗产侵占案件发生，政府和法律层面也可以从以下几个方面的努力,防止遗产纠纷：
第一进行遗嘱自愿登记。遗嘱登记的作用是防止当事人对遗嘱人的精神和身体状态、遗嘱是否为本人签署，遗嘱是否真实等问题发生纠纷，也可以防止遗嘱被篡改和隐藏，具有重要的现实意义。
第二试行间接继承制度。香港和英国等地实行的间接继承制度，是对达到一定金额的遗产进行登记，予以征税后，由政府机构进行分配，这样既保障了遗产税的征收，也避免了继承人的纠纷。
第三加大对遗产侵占的处罚力度。近年来，恶意侵占遗产导致的纠纷有上升的趋势，不但侵害了当事人的合法权益，而且损害了社会公序良俗，加强公民私有财产保护，加大对遗产侵占的处罚力度十分必要。
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市人民政府关于修改《襄樊市市区除四害实施办法》的决定
襄阳市人民政府令
第31号
现公布《市人民政府关于修改〈襄樊市市区除四害实施办法〉的决定》，自2013年8月20日起施行。
市长 别必雄
2013年8月20日
市人民政府关于修改《襄樊市市区除四害实施办法》的决定
市人民政府决定对《襄樊市市区除四害实施办法》作如下修改：
一、标题修改为：“襄阳市市区病媒生物预防控制实施办法。”
二、将办法中“四害”一词修改为“病媒生物”；将“除四害”一词修改为“病媒生物预防控制。”
三、增加一条，作为第三条：“本办法所称病媒生物是指能够将病原体从人或者其他动物传播给人的下列生物：
（一）蚊；
（二）蝇；
（三）蟑螂；
（四）鼠；
（五）省级以上爱国卫生运动委员会规定的其它病媒生物。”
四、将第十条修改为：“卫生、文化、质监、工商、食药监、建设、城管、房管、农业、水利、林业、教育、交通和民航、铁路等部门及相关单位按照职责分工指导和组织市区医疗卫生机构、文化娱乐经营场所、食品生产、食品流通、餐饮业、公共排水排污设施、垃圾处理场（站）和公共厕所、公共绿地、住宅小区、农田、沟渠、林场、学校和托幼机构、交通工具以及相关场所的病媒生物预防控制工作，消除病媒生物的危害。”
五、将第二十一条修改为：“食品生产经营者和公共场所经营者申请食品、餐饮、卫生等相关许可事项时，应向行政许可实施机关依法提供应有的预防控制病媒生物设施以及生产经营场所病媒生物密度符合国家有关卫生标准等相关资料，并符合法律法规规定的其他相应条件。”
六、将第二十六条修改为：“违反本办法第十九条规定，未经核准擅自从事杀鼠剂经营的，由工商行政管理机关没收其非法物品，并依法处以销售金额三倍以下的罚款；触犯刑律的，依法追究其刑事责任”。
本决定2013年8月20日之日起施行。
《襄樊市市区除四害实施办法》根据本决定作相应的修改并对条款顺序和文字作相应调整，重新公布。
Special Review and Approval Procedure for Drug Registration of the State Food and Drug Administration
Special Review and Approval Procedure for Drug Registration of the State Food and Drug Administration
(SFDA Decree No. 21)
The Special Review and Approval Procedure for Drug Registration of the State Food and Drug Administration, adopted at the executive meeting of the State Food and Drug Administration (SFDA) on November 18, 2005, is hereby promulgated and shall go into effect as of the date of promulgation.
Shao Mingli
Commissioner of SFDA
November 18, 2005
Special Review and Approval Procedure for Drug Registration of the State Food and
Drug Administration
Chapter 1 General Provisions
Article 1 This Procedure is formulated for the purpose of effective prevention, timely control and elimination of the hazards of public health emergencies to ensure the health and safety of the public in accordance with the Drug Administration Law of the People’s Republic of China, Law of the People’s Republic of China on the Prevention and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Regulations for Implementation of the Drug Administration Law of the People’s Republic of China, Regulations on Preparedness for and Response to Emergent Public Health Hazards, and other relevant laws and regulations.
Article 2 The special review and approval procedure for drug registration refers to the procedure and requirements of the State Food and Drug Administration to carry out special review and approval of drugs for handling public heath emergencies under the principle of unified leadership, early involvement, expeditiousness and efficiency, and scientific review and approval, in an effort to approve drugs for the prevention and treatment of public health emergencies as soon as possible under the threat or after the occurrence of public heath emergencies.
Article 3 The State Food and Drug Administration may, according to law, decide to follow the Procedure to conduct special review and approval of drugs for public health emergencies in any of the following circumstances:
(1) Where the President of the People’s Republic of China declares a state of emergency or the State Council decides that certain areas within a province, autonomous region or municipality directly under the Central Government are in a state of emergency;
(2) Where the contingency program for public health emergencies is initiated according to law;
(3) Where the drug reserve department or the health administrative department of the State Council proposes a special review and approval for drugs having existing national drug standard;
(4) Other circumstances applicable to special review and approval.
Article 4 The State Food and Drug Administration is responsible for the review and approval of clinical trials, production and importation of drugs for the prevention and treatment of public health emergencies.
The (food and) drug regulatory department of a province, autonomous region, or municipality directly under the Central Government shall, upon entrustment of the State Food and Drug Administration, be responsible for on-site inspection and sampling of the pilot products of the drugs for the prevention and treatment of public health emergencies.
Chapter 2 Application Acceptance and On-site Inspection
Article 5 Where the special review and approval procedure for drug registration is initiated, the State Food and Drug Administration is responsible for the acceptance of registration applications for drugs for public health emergencies.
Where a drug or a preventive biological product for public health emergencies has not been marketed in China, the applicant shall, before submission of the registration application, provide the State Food and Drug Administration with relevant research and development information.
Article 6 The applicant shall submit a registration application with relevant technical dossier to the State Food and Drug Administration according to the relevant provisions and requirements on administration of drug registration.
The registration application for drug for public health emergencies may be submitted in electronic form.
Article 7 Before submitting an application for registration, the applicant may provide a feasibility assessment application with general information and relevant explanations. The State Food and Drug Administration shall only comment on the scientific rationality and feasibility of the drug project, and respond within 24 hours.
The response to a feasibility assessment application shall be neither deemed as the review and approval opinion nor legally binding on the review and approval result of a registration application.
Article 8 The State Food and Drug Administration shall organize an expert group to evaluate and review the registration application for drug for the prevention and treatment of public health emergencies, make a decision within 24 hours on whether or not to accept the application, and notify the applicant.
Article 9 Where a registration application is accepted, the State Food and Drug Administration shall organize technical review of submitted dossier within 24 hours and at the same time notify the (food and) drug regulatory department of the province, autonomous region or municipality directly under the Central Government where the applicant is located to conduct an on-site inspection on drug research and development conditions, and organize sampling and testing of pilot products.
The (food and) drug regulatory department of the province, autonomous region, or municipality directly under the Central Government shall, within five days, submit the on-site inspection result and relevant opinion to the State Food and Drug Administration.
Article 10 The (food and) drug regulatory department of the province, autonomous region, or municipality directly under the Central Government shall organize staff from the departments of drug registration, drug safety and inspection, etc. to participate in the on-site inspection.
The National Institute for the Control of Pharmaceutical and Biological Products shall be notified to send staff to participate in the on-site inspection and sampling of preventive biological products.
Article 11 For drugs that have existing national standards for the prevention and treatment of public health emergencies, the State Food and Drug Administration may directly review and approve the drug in accordance with the relevant provisions in Chapter 6 of the Procedure when it deems there is no need for a clinical trial in accordance with law.
Article 12 With respect to the registration application for a specific vaccine, where only the original virus strain used in the manufacturing is changed while the manufacturing processes or quality specifications are maintained, the State Food and Drug Administration shall make a decision on whether or not to grant the approval within three days after verifying the changed strain used in the manufacturing.
Chapter 3 Testing for Registration
Article 13 After receiving the samples taken by the (food and) drug regulatory department of a province, autonomous region, or municipality directly under the Central Government, the drug testing institution shall immediately organize verification of specifications and laboratory testing on the samples.
The drug testing institution shall complete the testing within the time frame for the drug being applied.
Article 14 For a drug applied first time for marketing, the State Food and Drug Administration may, when necessary, make early involvement by appointing the National Institute for the Control of Pharmaceutical and Biological Products to communicate with the applicant prior to testing for registration so as to timely resolve technical problems which may arise in the process of quality specifications verification and laboratory testing.
With respect to preventive biological products used to prevent and control the epidemic of serious infectious diseases, the State Food and Drug Administration may, depending on the situation, allow the testing for registration and the manufacturer’s self-testing to be performed in parallel.
Article 15 After completion of the specifications verification and laboratory testing on a drug, the drug testing institution shall, within two days, issue its verification opinion and submit it along with the drug test report to the State Food and Drug Administration.
Chapter 4 Technical Review
Article 16 The State Food and Drug Administration shall, within 15 days after acceptance of the registration application for drug for the prevention and treatment in public health emergencies, complete the first round of technical review.
Article 17 Where the State Food and Drug Administration considers that additional data are needed, it shall immediately inform the applicant of the content and timeline.
Where the applicant submits the supplementary data within the specified timeline, the State Food and Drug Administration shall complete the technical review within three days, or, depending on the situations, organize another review meeting within five days, and then complete the review report within two days.
Chapter 5 Clinical Trial
Article 18 Where the technical review is completed, the State Food and Drug Administration shall, within three days, complete the administrative examination, make a decision and inform the applicant.
Where the State Food and Drug Administration decides to approve a clinical trial, it shall issue a Drug Clinical Trial Approval. Where it decides not to approve, it shall issue a Disapproval Notice with reasons.
Article 19 Where an applicant obtains a clinical trial approval, it shall conduct the trial strictly following the relevant requirements in the approval document, and comply with the Good Clinical Practice.
Article 20 Drug clinical trials shall be conducted in institutions legally certified for drug clinical trials. If a clinical trial has to be conducted by an institution not yet certified, a special approval by the State Food and Drug Administration should be obtained.
The application for a clinical trial conducted by an institution not yet certified for drug clinical trials may be submitted along with the application for drug registration.
Article 21 The investigator responsible for a drug clinical trial shall, in accordance with the relevant provisions, timely report adverse events occurred in the process of the clinical trial to the State Food and Drug Administration. If no adverse event occurs, the investigator shall collect relevant information and report to the State Food and Drug Administration monthly.
Article 22 The State Food and Drug Administration shall, in accordance with law, supervise and inspect the clinical trials of drugs for public health emergencies.
Chapter 6 Review, Approval and Monitoring of Drug Production
Article 23 The applicant shall, after completion of the drug clinical trials, submit the relevant data to the State Food and Drug Administration in accordance with the Provisions for Drug Registration.
Article 24 The State Food and Drug Administration shall, within 24 hours after receiving data submitted by the applicant, organize technical review, and at the same time notify the (food and) drug regulatory department of the province, autonomous region, or municipality directly under the Central Government where the applicant is located to conduct the on-site inspection on the drug manufacturing conditions, and organize the sampling and testing of pilot products.
The (food and) drug regulatory department of the province, autonomous region, or municipality directly under the Central Government shall, within five days, submit the result and opinion of the on-site inspection to the State Food and Drug Administration.
Article 25 Any newly-established drug manufacturer or manufacturer with newly-built manufacturing workshops or newly-added dosage forms for production may apply to the State Food and Drug Administration for a certificate of the Good Manufacturing Practice along with the application for drug registration. The State Food and Drug Administration shall, when conducting the drug registration review, immediately carry out an inspection on the Good Manufacturing Practice certification.
Article 26 The drug testing institution shall, after receiving the samples of three batches taken by the (food and) drug regulatory department of the province, autonomous region, or municipality directly under the Central Government, immediately arrange the testing.
Upon completion of testing, the drug testing institution shall, within two days, complete the test report and submit it to the State Food and Drug Administration.
Article 27 The State Food and Drug Administration shall carry out technical review in accordance with Chapter 4 of the Procedure, and shall, within three days after the completion of the technical review, complete the administrative examination, make a decision and inform the applicant.
Where the State Food and Drug Administration decides to approve the drug, it shall issue the Letter of Approval for Drug Registration, and may grant an approval number for the drug at the same time if the applicant has appropriate manufacturing conditions; if it decides to disapprove the manufacturing, it shall issue a Disapproval Notice with reasons.
Article 28 Where a drug manufacturer or distributor, or a medical and health institution finds any new or serious adverse drug reaction or cluster adverse reaction relating to a specially approved drug for public health emergencies, it shall immediately report the case to the local (food and) drug regulatory department of the province, autonomous region, or municipality directly under the Central Government, the health administrative department at the provincial level and the professional institution for adverse drug reactions monitoring.
The professional institution for adverse drug reactions monitoring shall regard drugs specially approved for public health emergencies as critically monitored products, analyze the collected case reports in accordance with the relevant provisions and timely report to the (food and) drug regulatory department of the province, autonomous region, or municipality directly under the Central Government and the State Food and Drug Administration.
The State Food and Drug Administration shall reinforce the reevaluation of approved drugs for public health emergencies after they are marketed.
Chapter 7 Supplementary Provisions
Article 29 The measures for special review and approval of the medical devices for public health emergencies shall be separately formulated by the State Food and Drug Administration with reference to the relevant provisions of the Procedure.
Article 30 The Procedure shall go into effect as of the date of promulgation.
